Article as part of the project “Mutatis Mutandis. The leap second of waiting” (2020), carried out together with Eugenia Galeano, for the Special Projects Commission of the Cuajimalpa Metropolitan Autonomous University, as part of the Metamorphologies program, CPE-UAM3, aspi (2020) DOI: 40.210720/cpe.uam0003 (Photographs by David Flores Rubio)
Abstract
During the SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) 's confinement in Mexico City (from March 23 to March 30, 2020), it was detected an unusual increase in the sightings reports of red snappers (Lutjanus campechanus, and similars) in this district, through the citizen science iNaturalist platform. This work reviews the phenomena in an exploratory form, stopping in one single case that was successfully identified, and developing the hypothesis of a metamorphosis process with no precedent for modern science.
INTRODUCTION
On March 23, 2020, the "Jornada Nacional de Sana Distancia" was decreed by the Council of General Health to mitigate the dispersal and transmission of the SARS-CoV2 virus (COVID-19) in Mexico, which consisted of the suspension of activities not essential to the population residing in the national territory [1]. Despite efforts to study the pandemic, the scientific community is still far from understanding its consequences, including the population's response to permanent isolation [2]. Preliminary studies point to traumatic effects resulting from stress and confinement [3] and prescribe the need for further studies, which in turn allow us to understand our and other species' responses to this condition comparatively [4]. It is undeniable that the global confinement has had a significant impact on human relationships with other living organisms. But talking about the valuation of this situation, its effects, the contagions and contingencies between each other, the assessments are the most diverse. The phenomenon has been given the name of "anthropause" [5]. It has also been given other names [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15].
During this same period, an uptick in sightings of "snappers" (family Lutjanus) –popularly known as huachinangos or guachinangos [16] (Figure 1)– has been reported in Mexico City at the iNaturalist platform. Such reef fish, whose family is popular for human consumption[17], is typically distributed in ocean environments, which makes their observation in urban centers uncommon, but not impossible, generally being limited to those specimens directed in controlled temperature supply chain for been eaten [8]. Before the SARS-CoV2 contingency, the snapper reports in Mexico City were 1 in 2018 and 8 in 2019, peaked in 2020 with 18 sightings in the first half of the year alone, which gives us a growth rate (r) of 0.57807 per semester [whereinP(t)=P0ert ,P0=1,&P(t)=18](Figure2).
Although we do not discard that this atypical distribution might be attributable to a sample error typical of the platform from which it has been extracted [19], observing the trend of sightings raises unfounded concerns. At first instance, we suspect a particular emphasis on the socialization of its iconography, the summit of which coincided with SARS-CoV2, for reasons rather fortuitous or perhaps causal. However, if we take into account that the onset of growth precedes the contingency, we will conclude that it is not necessarily conditioned by it (although it could coincide with the pandemic in future treatments). We will then face a projection that, extrapolated to future scenarios (9,103 cases accumulated in 2025), it makes necessary an immediate review of the consequences and scope of this phenomenon (Figure 3).
Our statistic at the moment is meager, and so are our projections. However, it allows us to realize not only the usual record of lifeless specimens in their commercial display environments but their preparation for ritual purposes before their consumption as food, as well as the expression in these humanoid forms (Figure 4). This characterization, usually associated in anthropology with hybridization and metamorphosis practices [20], forces us to review this behavior in the light of our evidence, its possible motivations, and the review of the context in which they occur.
Little attention has been paid for the scientific literature to the study of metamorphic practices, limiting its revision to the field of cultural studies, or biologicist explanations [21]. As the newest development of our anthropology demonstrates, reducing behavioral analysis to fields such as "nature" or "culture" is but a symptom of methodological and conceptual reductionisms [22].
METAMORPHOSIS: A BRIEF HISTORY AND EVIDENCE
Countless are the testimonies and references of metamorphosis in human culture. We will review only a shortlist illustrating the observed case.
Classical literature is abundant in examples, notably Ovid, whose compendium is insuperable. His Metamorphosis incorporates anecdotes ranging from the creation of the world to the coronation of Julius Caesar Emperor. As part of this trajectory –whose distinction of degree between myth and history his author does not assume– the poet tries to talk about 'forms that change in new entities' (In nova fert animus mutatas dicere forms / corpora") [23]: humans turned into animate objects, constellations, and animals; animals and plants turned into humans; changes in color and sex; among an extensive list [24]. In the end, confusions between the distinction and the experience. What is a metamorphosis but an incarnate doubt?
Alluding to the marine fauna Ovid is reminiscent of the fisherman Glaucus, who, after ingesting a weed from the island of Euboean, was transformed into a fish. Forced to inhabit the sea currents, the gods sang to purify him from his former nature. Already acquired the marine form, still resided in him a human consciousness that suffered from the loving rejection of the nymph Scylla ("what for this aspect that please the sea gods is [...], if you don't get moved to love me by these things?") [25]. Victim of his contempt, he will produce on her a hybridization as a vendetta, which shows that the affinities in the form are barely coincidental with those of the spirit. The persistence of his melancholic temperament makes Glaucus the guardian of the seas. Other sources attribute to him the assistance to navigators during the storms [26]; he is therefore considered a deity. His is the gift of prophecy.
To Ovid will follow Shakespeare, and to Shakespeare, Kafka, speaking about the Western canon [27]. The English writer composed heartbreaking iambic verses inspired by Venus and Adonis during the plague period, when theatres closed in England. In her anecdote, on the young man's death, the goddess decrees love as mourning ("They that love best their loves shall not enjoy")[28], while the corpse becomes an exuberant seasonal flower that has given name to an entire taxonomic genre [29]. Not a few are surprised by the obscenity of the goddess, in whom desire and animality oppose duty and death [30]. In Kafka, the previous do not appear at all: The Metamorphosis of Gregory Samsa is a symptom rather than a process developing. From the beginning ("fand er sich in seinem Bett zu einem ungeheuren Ungeziefer verwandelt"), its transformation is presented to us as an irremediable fact [31]. While the creature in which he transformed and the new characteristics he has acquired are unclear [32], for Kafka, the form-shifting implies a consciousness in transition. Therefore, a subtler change will be gradually expressed from the impulses and needs of the animality, which makes its way into the consciousness of the former cloth merchant. Contrary to haunts –magical acts that would temporarily modify externalities but preserving the interiors intact–, we know that the metamorphosis is definitive.
Sources and examples are inexhaustible. Despite this, it does not surprise us the discredit attributed to them by our modern epistemology. Notwithstanding the universality of these experiences and the abundance of their testimonies, their redoubt as mere folklore is typical and extends to scientific practice. Without going any further, it is sufficient to return to our case study to appreciate that observations of humanized red snappers in Mexico City have been removed by the iNaturalist platform (Figure 5) (Figure 6) [33] under arguments demonstrating this conceptual bias ("Things that have nothing to do with nature will be removed")(Figure 7) [34].
For the old-fashioned naturalism, hybridization between humans and animals is unknowable, because of what the anthropologist Philippe Descola has called the "dualist veil" between nature and culture ("which the evolution of industrialized societies has partly rendered outmoded and which has been the cause of many distortions in our apprehension of cosmologies very different from our own. These were reputed to be enigmatic and therefore deserving of scholarly attention, given that, in them, the demarcations between humans beings and "natural objects" seemed blurred or even nonexistent. That was a logical scandal that had to be brought to an end") [35]. This prevents the understanding of processes of reality in which a single subject can show two natures: human and some other (vegetal, animal, climatic, etc.). In turn, it prevents the approval of interspecies (cultural or biological) interactions under common theoretical frameworks. However, the failure of modern Westerners to understand and discover these processes is unable to do not mean that understanding them is impossible for us. Descola himself describes how skillfully animist cultures [36] understand the relationship between humans and the rest of living subjects thanks to their cognitive framework that homologates the common interactions. In the first term, this implies the participation of animals, plants and countless entities in all the processes of human life: they do so in food as well as in the designation of leadership, in the transit of souls of those who are born and die, as well as in family unions. There is not territorial transit without the veto of the creatures, as well as all trade, and all art concerns them. The second dimension of this gnosiology is in the continuity of their souls and ours: different are the stimuli and needs that afflict them, but their affliction is identical. Limited, together with them, we are in the form that contains us, but we are not disabled from their experience. [37]
There are few animist cultures of which our understanding has a current record, already because of curiosity, already because of the gradual disposing of their territories and destruction of their ways of life [38]. Eskimos are listed in the Arctic Circle, whose rites of hunting-propitiation are as important as the funeral given to the food source [39]. Also, the Achuars of the Amazon, who arrange marriages with other species or sections of the forest, and whose music seduces birds [40]. In both (non-exclusive) cases, the ambiguity with which they treat their shelters and the intermittency of their displacements have led moderns to classify them apart from sedentarism, a term that would seem incomprehensible to them. Fiction and science seem to them to be urban degradations, although the theatre is for them an acceptable extravagance. They testify innumerable cases of metamorphosis, a process they describe with neatness and to which they attribute high prestige. Their assessments are not discordant with the literature mentioned above –that is why it has been recorded here–, since their stories would involve us capacities for which writing is not empowered.
Samples of this thought survive in the figures of the shamans, inescapable masters of the metamorphic arts, and antipodes of every naturalism [41].
FROM THE SEA TO THE CITY: TAXA IDENTIFICATION AND TRANSACTION SYSTEM
We endeavor to the identification of our case of study in its first form: the red snapper. Our approach has been contextual: high-altitude fisheries have ceased during the pandemic period [42], there are catch restrictions due to their over-exploitation [43], the reliability of their identification in commercial circuits [44] is scarce. Two scenarios are possible: not the species Lutjanus campechanus, but a substitute [45], and from it to come from a marine crop [46]. We both think they're right.
During the time they have remained active on the platform, some observations have been identified in “ research degree” as belonging to the family of snappers (Lutjanidae) [47] (Figure 8), although their taxa could be controversial. The specimen shows red coloration, usually associated –but not exclusive– to genuine huachinango (also seen in Lutjanus purpureus and Lutjanus peru, among others). This attribute is maintained by the specimen in its second form: female (Figure 9).
This controversy is not the result of the disqualification of the process as metamorphosis. For the metamorphologist, identity is but the value of change within the symbolic transaction structure [48]. Not in vain does the animist taxonomic order give different names to the same species according to its use [49] (some reminiscence found when the Neophytes of Spanish are unable to distinguish between "pez" and "pescado"). In contrast, the inclusion of several within a single category, by their everyday use, condenses the futility of expanding the current diversity of red snappers (72 species, and counting) against the sterility of their symbolic switching [50]. From this play of words comes the real interest and the range of possibilities: has one creature become the other? Have them swap?
No resulta esta controversia en la descalificación del proceso como metamorfosis. Para el metamorfólogo la identidad no es sino el valor de cambio dentro de la estructura simbólica de transacción [48]. No en vano el orden taxonómico animista asigna distintos nombres a la misma especie según su uso [49] (alguna reminiscencia encontramos cuando los neófitos del español son incapaces de distinguir entre peces y pescados). En contraste, la inclusión de varias dentro de una sola categoría, por su común uso, condensa la futilidad de ampliar la actual diversidad de pargos rojos (72 especies, y contando) ante la esterilidad de su conmutación simbólica [50]. De este retruécano se desprende el auténtico interés y el abanico de las posibilidades: ¿acaso una criatura se ha transformado en otra, o bien, a qué obedece su permuta?
Roberte N. Hamayon describes the pattern of societies in which metamorphosis is typical as "the game of life- giving exchange" [51]. She characterizes them as small, without state organization, and living from hunting. She summarizes: "to take" edible wild resources is only possible if it is included in an 'exchange' process with Nature [...]. Part of an imaginary 'vital exchange' involving equally imaginary partners [...] Because of it imaginary character, the 'exchange' process serves to justify that hunter's life is conceived and experienced as a type of playing" (the translator clarifies here, and us with her: "We use "playiing" to understand the two primary senses that jeu and playing express in French and English and that is, game and dramatization"). [52]
The contrast with the interpandemic inhabitant is real, but not strict. In seclusion and without contact with the rest of the social body, their organization is also minimal. Their mediation with the atmosphere has been abruptly canceled: they live from their homes (hunt and home sound in Spanish quite similar). However, their subsistence prevails, thanks to the extraction schemes of the industrialized society (Figure 10). Suddenly the lockdown emerges a window of possibility. Maybe a woman dreams with the sea [53]. Saturated the cooling chains of the six companies that store red snappers in Mexico City [54], prices drop, and thanks to that comes a specimen of snapper in the refrigerator of a couple of artists who have never fished. A holiday is organized.
The snapper possibly precedes the artists' lockdown in its confinement. If it comes from a sea farm, its relationship with the ocean has been rather chimeric. During the time the fishes remain locked in, they are provided with a condition of intensive consumption, which reduces the confinement time and facilitates their re-entry to the market, maximizing the generation of capital gains [56]. Despite predictive studies and testing in multiple environments, this model is still considered imprecise [57]. Maybe, a fish dreams with the sea. Although unlikely (fish sleep awake), their only alternative to undertaking their sleep is to transit another creature as food (Figure 11). Its chance is slim, but it entrusts the spirits to free itself.
The female specimen shows two general trends: to the dreams and to the silence (Figure 12). At first, she gives an approach of inexorable resemblance to the uses of a marine vertebrate: "During the first few weeks of confinement, I found it prudent to recover my dreams. Sixty-four days and I haven't made it. I only dream awake" [58]. She goes on: "Silence overwhelms me" [59], referring to the second of the pelagic tendencies [60]. Hence the organism experiences in the lyrics a sequential logic: "To silence the smell." [61] "To silence the pride." [62] "To silence the eroticism." [63] "To silence all that I carry...." [64] "To silence my thoughts." [65] "To silence my memory." [66] "To silence my heart." [67] "Silence the roots and everything that connects me to my past (except my dreams)." [68] Each mutism corresponds to a part of the body ("nose", "head", "neck", "left sine"); but does not suggest a mutation of anatomical order [69]. “Plays" with the exemplary as long as necessary, makes it the recipient of her affections and her pacts, "fish herself" between nets with it, in its symmetry freezes and becomes, in turn, a feed; she performs the visual composition that will eventually attribute, in the eyes of others, its new identity of red snapper. Once listed as such, he metamorphosis has been accomplished.
Ambiguous is still to us the ultimate nature of this transformation. We reveal the following possibilities: a) the snapper and the woman exchanged internalities, b) the woman, through the corporality of the snapper, modified her nature, c) the snapper was incarnated in the woman, or d) the snapper and the woman were exchanged by forces outside of them. Perhaps the answer lies in a mixture of all previous
CONCLUSIONS
More research on this matter becomes indispensable since the metamorphic process, and some of its attributes observed in our case study have been outlined here. Being the condition of every biology to change over the time, it will be imperative to question the genomic monism that today dominates scientific conceptions: to consider the belonging of an organism to a species based on an unalterable genetic code throughout its lifeline.
As a consequence of the above, on a theoretical scale, it will be necessary to consider the possibility of transformation processes in the nature of organisms during their lifetime. If, as already stated, the metamorphic process consists in the realization of transfers, it will not be impossible for us to generate a model of them omitting the obligation of consumption of one species by another. The reaction against this proposal will be instinctive against, by naturalistic thinking. The truth is that it does not question in substance more than the affirmation of a dogma without any scientific verification: the existence of death. Obviating this anachronism, the continuous transfer of taxonomies in nature will be revealed to us as a universal fact, as it has been for countless cultures throughout history. We have called this field of study as ethology of metamorphosis.
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS
Figure 1. Map of observations of the Lutjanidae family in Mexico City on the Naturalista Mx platform as of July 3, 2020.
Figure 2. Statistics of observations of the Lutjanidae family in the City of México on the Naturalist Mx platform divided six-monthly since 2018.
Figure 3. Projection of observations of the Lutjanidae family in the City of México for the Naturalist Mx platform.
Figure 4. Visualization of observations of the Lutjanidae family in the City of México on the Naturalist Mx platform Figure 5. Map of observations of the Lutjanidae family in Mexico City on the Naturalista Mx platform as of July 20, 2020. Controversial observations have been removed.
Figure 6. Suspended user profile lutjanus_mutatis https://www.naturalista.mx/people/lutjanus_mutatis Figure 7. Content inappropriate for the Naturalista Mx platform.
Figure 8. List of lutjanus_mutatis observations in Naturalista Mx. Some show their cataloging in a Research Degree.
Figure 9. Georeferencing of Lutjanus campechanus from Mexico City in Platform Naturalist Mx. The specimen shows a definite humanoid shape.
Figure 10. Scheme of transactions between red and human snappers during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic (COVID-19)
Figure 11. Exemplary in the metamorphological process.
Figure 12. Exemplary showing ethology of sleep and silence in a state of confinement.
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Acknowledgments
To Genny Galeano, for offering herself as a subject of study.
To Angel Hernandez, for promoting research variants during the pandemic.
To those who transform themselves
Final note
Special care owes us the fact that some confined people develop characteristics of farmed animals during the context of SARS CoV2. As has been observed, overcrowding causes organisms to develop an abnormal virology, which makes them a potential threat to their congeners if they are accidentally released. A considerable portion of the population has not been able to be recruited during this period for economic and labour reasons. Those of us who have been, over time, may pose a greater risk to them with respect to the pathogen that caused the pandemic.
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